不例外的,巴菲特每年的股東信,都會提到關於投資的想法,雖然基本的觀念 – 以合理的價格買競爭力強的公司 – 都已經廣為人知,每年講的觀念都差不多,但每一年讀起來都有新的想法。
在寫投資篇之後,我發現可以寫得很多,所以決定再分為上下兩篇,以下是上半部的一些心得:
1. 長期持有好公司
這是巴菲特長期灌輸給投資人的觀念,而巴菲特在今年的信,用簡單的一段文字,描述了他的中心思想。巴菲特說:
Charlie and I view the marketable common stocks that Berkshire owns as interests in businesses, not as ticker symbols to be bought or sold based on their “chart” patterns, the “target” prices of analysts or the opinions of media pundits. Instead, we simply believe that if the businesses of the investees are successful (as we believe most will be) our investments will be successful as well.
買股票是買一家公司,投資人應該在乎的是公司的基本面跟競爭力,以及管理層,而不是股價圖跟券商目標價。找到好公司就要長期持有,不要在乎短期的因素,因為短期內股價常常不會反應,但長期來看,公司的股價漲幅跟內含價值的漲幅是一致的,所以重點還是在於公司怎麼利用retained earnings去創造價值。巴菲特預期的是:we expect undistributed earnings of our investees to deliver us at least equivalent earnings by way of subsequent capital gains.
這一點,我們從巴菲特每年股東信的第一頁可以觀察出來,可以看到每一年Berkshire的股價跟每股淨值的增幅差異非常大,但是我們看到最下面的年化報酬率,每股淨值是19.1%,股價是20.9%,基本上是一致的,這一點可以證明巴菲特所說的,長期來說,股價的漲幅跟內含價值的漲幅是一致的。
但如果要有不錯的長期投資績效,找到好公司是不夠的,還要有另一個巴菲特很看重的因素:價格。
2. Price, Price, Price
今年股東信的主軸,我覺得是在Price,首先巴菲特提到購買公司的準則:durable competitive strengths; able and high-grade management; good returns on the net tangible assets required to operate the business; opportunities for internal growth at attractive returns; and, finally, a sensible purchase price.
前面三項是大家所熟知的標準,但注意到sensible purchase price是斜體字,可見不管公司在多優秀,價格不合理,他都不會買。後面他還有提到 `That last requirement proved a barrier to virtually all deals we reviewed in 2017, as prices for decent, but far from spectacular, businesses hit an all-time high.`